Is VCDS 16.8 the Right Tool for Your Car Coding Needs?

Are you grappling with the complexities of modern car coding and seeking reliable support? CAR-CODING.EDU.VN offers expert remote assistance to navigate the intricacies of vehicle customization and diagnostics. Specializing in ECU programming, activating hidden features, and fault code resolution, CAR-CODING.EDU.VN ensures efficient and secure solutions for your automotive needs. Benefit from our comprehensive support, tailored for both seasoned technicians and garage owners aiming to expand their service offerings with advanced coding capabilities, featuring services like ECU flashing and module adaptation.

1. What is VCDS 16.8 and What Does It Offer for Car Coding?

Vcds 16.8 is a diagnostic and coding software designed primarily for Volkswagen Audi Group (VAG) vehicles, offering capabilities such as reading diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), performing output tests, and coding control modules. It allows users to access and modify various parameters within a car’s electronic control units (ECUs). This software is particularly favored for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive features, enabling technicians and enthusiasts to perform tasks ranging from basic diagnostics to complex coding procedures.

VCDS 16.8 extends functionality through its coding capabilities, enabling modifications to vehicle behavior and unlocking hidden features. For instance, users can adjust settings related to lighting, comfort features, and driver assistance systems. The software supports variant coding, allowing modifications to factory settings to suit specific regional requirements or personal preferences. It also provides access to adaptation channels, which are used to fine-tune the performance of various systems, such as engine and transmission parameters. While VCDS 16.8 is powerful, more recent software versions offer expanded vehicle coverage, enhanced functionality, and improved security features, addressing the increasing complexity of modern automotive ECUs and communication protocols.

2. Why are Car Enthusiasts and Technicians Still Using VCDS 16.8?

Car enthusiasts and technicians may still use VCDS 16.8 due to its familiarity, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for older VAG models. Many users find that VCDS 16.8 adequately covers the diagnostic and coding needs of older vehicles, providing sufficient functionality without the necessity of upgrading to newer, more expensive software versions. The software’s straightforward interface and established user base contribute to its continued popularity, as technicians are often comfortable with its operation and have access to extensive online resources and community support.

The decision to stick with VCDS 16.8 often hinges on specific requirements and the age of the vehicles being serviced. For garages specializing in older VAG models, the investment in newer software may not be justified if VCDS 16.8 already meets their diagnostic and coding needs. Furthermore, some users may prefer the stability and proven reliability of an older version, particularly if they have encountered issues with newer software releases. However, it’s crucial to consider the limitations of VCDS 16.8 in terms of vehicle coverage and support for newer technologies, as well as potential security vulnerabilities that may not be addressed in older software versions.

3. What are the Limitations of Using Older Versions Like VCDS 16.8?

Using older versions like VCDS 16.8 has limitations including compatibility issues with newer vehicle models, lack of support for the latest diagnostic protocols, and potential security vulnerabilities. Newer vehicles often incorporate advanced electronic architectures and communication protocols, such as CAN-FD and Ethernet, which may not be fully supported by older diagnostic tools. This can result in limited access to certain control modules, inaccurate diagnostic data, and an inability to perform necessary coding or adaptation procedures.

Older software versions may also lack critical updates that address security vulnerabilities, making them susceptible to cyber threats. Modern vehicles are increasingly vulnerable to hacking attempts, and outdated diagnostic tools can serve as a point of entry for malicious actors. Additionally, older versions may not support the latest diagnostic functions and data parameters introduced by vehicle manufacturers, hindering the ability to accurately diagnose and repair complex issues.

4. How Does VCDS 16.8 Compare to Newer Versions in Terms of Functionality?

VCDS 16.8 has less functionality compared to newer versions, particularly regarding support for newer vehicle models, advanced diagnostic features, and enhanced coding capabilities. Newer versions of VCDS offer expanded vehicle coverage, supporting the latest VAG models and incorporating updated diagnostic protocols. They often include enhanced features such as guided fault finding, which provides step-by-step instructions for diagnosing complex issues, and improved data logging capabilities for monitoring vehicle performance.

Newer versions also offer more advanced coding and adaptation options, allowing users to customize a wider range of vehicle settings and enable additional features. They incorporate enhanced security measures to protect against unauthorized access and tampering, addressing the increasing risk of cyber threats in modern vehicles. While VCDS 16.8 may be sufficient for older vehicles, upgrading to a newer version provides access to the latest diagnostic and coding capabilities, ensuring compatibility with newer models and enhanced functionality.

5. Can VCDS 16.8 Still Activate Hidden Features on VAG Vehicles?

Yes, VCDS 16.8 can still activate hidden features on older VAG vehicles, but its capabilities may be limited compared to newer software versions. Many VAG vehicles have hidden features that are not enabled from the factory but can be activated through coding. VCDS 16.8 allows users to access and modify the necessary control module parameters to enable these features.

However, the availability of hidden features and the coding procedures required to activate them can vary depending on the vehicle model and production year. Newer software versions may offer more comprehensive support for hidden features on newer vehicles, providing access to additional customization options and simplified coding procedures. While VCDS 16.8 can still be used to activate hidden features on older vehicles, users may need to consult online resources and forums to find the specific coding instructions for their vehicle model.

6. What Type of Car Coding Tasks Can VCDS 16.8 Handle Effectively?

VCDS 16.8 can effectively handle basic car coding tasks such as enabling or disabling certain features, adjusting comfort settings, and performing routine diagnostic procedures on older VAG vehicles. It is well-suited for tasks like enabling cornering fog lights, adjusting daytime running light behavior, and customizing the behavior of windows and mirrors. The software’s user-friendly interface and comprehensive documentation make it relatively easy to perform these coding tasks, even for users with limited experience.

VCDS 16.8 also allows users to perform basic diagnostic procedures such as reading and clearing diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), performing output tests, and viewing live data. These capabilities can be useful for troubleshooting common issues and performing routine maintenance tasks. However, more complex coding tasks, such as retrofitting new components or modifying advanced system parameters, may require more advanced software and expertise.

7. What are the Potential Risks of Using VCDS 16.8 for Car Coding?

Potential risks of using VCDS 16.8 for car coding include incorrect coding leading to malfunction, incompatibility with newer vehicle modules, and security vulnerabilities. Improper coding can cause a variety of issues, ranging from minor inconveniences to serious system malfunctions. For example, incorrect coding of the airbag control module could disable the airbags, while incorrect coding of the engine control unit (ECU) could lead to engine damage.

Incompatibility with newer vehicle modules is another potential risk, as VCDS 16.8 may not fully support the latest electronic architectures and communication protocols used in newer vehicles. This can result in limited access to certain control modules, inaccurate diagnostic data, and an inability to perform necessary coding or adaptation procedures. Additionally, older software versions may have security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors, potentially compromising the vehicle’s electronic systems.

8. How Can I Ensure Safe Car Coding with VCDS 16.8?

To ensure safe car coding with VCDS 16.8, always back up the original coding before making changes, double-check coding values against reliable sources, and understand the function of each parameter being modified. Before making any coding changes, it is essential to back up the original coding of the control module being modified. This allows you to restore the original settings if something goes wrong or if you are not satisfied with the changes.

It is also important to double-check coding values against reliable sources, such as online forums, coding databases, and official documentation. This helps ensure that the coding values are correct and appropriate for your vehicle model and desired outcome. Additionally, you should thoroughly understand the function of each parameter being modified before making any changes. Modifying parameters without understanding their function can lead to unintended consequences and potentially damage the vehicle’s electronic systems. If you are unsure about a particular coding change, it is best to consult with a qualified technician or seek expert advice. CAR-CODING.EDU.VN provides remote car coding assistance. Contact us at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880

9. What Kind of Support is Available for VCDS 16.8 Users?

Support available for VCDS 16.8 users includes online forums, user manuals, and third-party support services, but direct support from Ross-Tech may be limited. Ross-Tech, the developer of VCDS, provides user manuals and online resources that cover the basic operation of the software and provide guidance on common diagnostic and coding procedures. However, direct support from Ross-Tech may be limited for older software versions like VCDS 16.8.

Online forums and communities are a valuable source of support for VCDS users, providing a platform for sharing information, asking questions, and troubleshooting issues. Many experienced VCDS users are active in these forums and can provide helpful advice and guidance. Third-party support services, such as independent automotive technicians and coding specialists, may also offer support for VCDS users, providing assistance with complex coding tasks and troubleshooting difficult issues. For expert remote assistance, contact CAR-CODING.EDU.VN at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880

10. Is Remote Car Coding Assistance a Viable Option for VCDS 16.8 Users?

Yes, remote car coding assistance is a viable option for VCDS 16.8 users, providing access to expert guidance and support without the need for in-person visits. Remote car coding assistance services, such as those offered by CAR-CODING.EDU.VN, connect users with experienced technicians who can remotely access their VCDS software and provide guidance on coding procedures. This can be particularly helpful for users who are unfamiliar with coding or who are attempting complex coding tasks.

Remote assistance allows technicians to remotely diagnose issues, perform coding changes, and troubleshoot problems in real-time, providing a convenient and cost-effective solution for VCDS users. It also provides access to a wider range of expertise and support than may be available locally, allowing users to tap into specialized knowledge and experience. However, it’s essential to choose a reputable and experienced remote assistance provider to ensure the safety and security of your vehicle’s electronic systems.

11. What Equipment is Needed for Remote VCDS 16.8 Car Coding Assistance?

Equipment needed for remote VCDS 16.8 car coding assistance includes a VCDS 16.8 interface, a laptop with internet access, and remote desktop software for secure connection. The VCDS 16.8 interface is the primary tool used to communicate with the vehicle’s electronic control units (ECUs). It connects to the vehicle’s OBD-II port and allows the technician to access and modify various parameters within the ECUs.

A laptop with internet access is required to run the VCDS software and connect to the remote assistance provider. The laptop should have a stable internet connection to ensure smooth communication and data transfer during the remote coding session. Remote desktop software, such as TeamViewer or AnyDesk, is used to establish a secure connection between the technician’s computer and the user’s laptop, allowing the technician to remotely access the VCDS software and control the coding process.

12. What are the Steps Involved in Remote Car Coding with VCDS 16.8?

Steps involved in remote car coding with VCDS 16.8 include connecting the VCDS interface, establishing a remote connection, performing diagnostics, coding, and testing the changes. First, the user connects the VCDS 16.8 interface to the vehicle’s OBD-II port and connects the interface to their laptop. Next, the user establishes a remote connection with the technician using remote desktop software.

Once the remote connection is established, the technician performs a diagnostic scan of the vehicle to identify any existing issues or error codes. Based on the diagnostic results and the user’s desired outcome, the technician performs the necessary coding changes using the VCDS software. After the coding changes are made, the technician tests the changes to ensure that they are working correctly and that the vehicle is functioning as expected. Throughout the process, the technician provides guidance and support to the user, answering any questions and addressing any concerns. CAR-CODING.EDU.VN can help you through this process. Contact us at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880.

13. How Much Does Remote Car Coding Assistance for VCDS 16.8 Cost?

Remote car coding assistance for VCDS 16.8 costs vary depending on the complexity of the task, the provider’s expertise, and the time required, but generally offers a cost-effective solution compared to dealership services. The cost of remote car coding assistance can vary widely depending on several factors. Simple coding tasks, such as enabling or disabling certain features, may cost as little as $50 to $100. More complex coding tasks, such as retrofitting new components or modifying advanced system parameters, may cost several hundred dollars or more.

The provider’s expertise and experience can also affect the cost, with more experienced technicians typically charging higher rates. The time required to complete the coding task is another factor, with longer or more complex tasks generally costing more. However, remote car coding assistance is generally a cost-effective solution compared to dealership services, which can be significantly more expensive.

14. What are the Benefits of Choosing Remote Assistance Over Local Coding Services?

Benefits of choosing remote assistance over local coding services include convenience, access to specialized expertise, cost savings, and faster turnaround times. Remote assistance allows users to access expert coding services from the comfort of their own home or garage, without the need to travel to a local service provider. This can be particularly beneficial for users who live in remote areas or who have limited access to local coding services.

Remote assistance also provides access to specialized expertise that may not be available locally. Remote coding specialists often have extensive experience with a wide range of vehicle models and coding tasks, allowing them to provide more effective and efficient solutions. Remote assistance can also be more cost-effective than local coding services, as it eliminates the need for travel and reduces overhead costs. Additionally, remote assistance often offers faster turnaround times, as remote technicians can typically respond to requests more quickly than local service providers.

15. What Types of Vehicles are Typically Supported with VCDS 16.8 Remote Coding?

Vehicles typically supported with VCDS 16.8 remote coding are primarily Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, and SEAT (VAG) models manufactured before the late 2010s, with specific compatibility varying by model year. VCDS 16.8 is specifically designed for use with VAG vehicles, and it provides comprehensive diagnostic and coding capabilities for these models. However, the specific compatibility of VCDS 16.8 can vary depending on the vehicle model and production year.

Older VAG models are generally well-supported by VCDS 16.8, while newer models may require newer software versions or alternative diagnostic tools. It’s essential to check the VCDS compatibility chart or consult with a remote coding specialist to ensure that VCDS 16.8 is compatible with your specific vehicle. For expert remote assistance, contact CAR-CODING.EDU.VN at Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880.

16. Can VCDS 16.8 be Used for ECU Flashing or Reprogramming?

VCDS 16.8 can perform some basic ECU flashing or reprogramming tasks, but it is primarily designed for diagnostic and coding purposes and may not support advanced flashing procedures. VCDS 16.8 allows users to update the software or firmware of certain control modules, such as the engine control unit (ECU) or the transmission control unit (TCU). This can be useful for addressing software glitches, improving performance, or enabling new features.

However, VCDS 16.8 is not specifically designed for ECU flashing or reprogramming, and it may not support advanced flashing procedures such as remapping or chip tuning. These procedures typically require specialized software and hardware, as well as a thorough understanding of the vehicle’s electronic systems. While VCDS 16.8 can be used for some basic ECU flashing tasks, it is essential to proceed with caution and consult with a qualified technician or coding specialist before attempting any advanced flashing procedures.

17. What are Common Coding Errors Encountered with VCDS 16.8 and How to Avoid Them?

Common coding errors encountered with VCDS 16.8 include incorrect coding values, incompatible module coding, and communication errors, which can be avoided by verifying data and ensuring stable connections. One of the most common coding errors is entering incorrect coding values. This can occur due to typos, misunderstandings, or using coding values that are not appropriate for the vehicle model or configuration. To avoid this error, it is essential to double-check coding values against reliable sources and ensure that they are compatible with your vehicle.

Incompatible module coding is another common error, which occurs when attempting to code a control module that is not compatible with the vehicle’s electronic architecture. This can result in communication errors, system malfunctions, or even damage to the control module. To avoid this error, it is essential to verify that the control module is compatible with your vehicle before attempting to code it. Communication errors can also occur during coding, which can interrupt the coding process and potentially damage the control module. To avoid this error, it is essential to ensure that the VCDS interface is properly connected to the vehicle and that the laptop has a stable internet connection.

18. What Security Measures Should Be Taken During Remote Car Coding?

Security measures during remote car coding should include using secure remote access software, verifying technician credentials, and monitoring the coding session for unauthorized changes. Secure remote access software, such as TeamViewer or AnyDesk, uses encryption and authentication protocols to protect the connection between the technician’s computer and the user’s laptop. This helps prevent unauthorized access and ensures that the coding session is secure.

Verifying technician credentials is also essential, as it helps ensure that the technician is qualified and trustworthy. Before granting remote access to your vehicle’s electronic systems, you should verify the technician’s identity and credentials. Monitoring the coding session for unauthorized changes is another important security measure. You should closely monitor the technician’s actions during the coding session to ensure that they are only making authorized changes and that they are not accessing or modifying any sensitive data.

19. How to Troubleshoot Common VCDS 16.8 Connection and Communication Issues?

Troubleshooting common VCDS 16.8 connection and communication issues involves checking the OBD-II port, verifying USB drivers, and ensuring software compatibility. Start by checking the OBD-II port to ensure that it is clean and free of debris. A dirty or damaged OBD-II port can prevent the VCDS interface from establishing a proper connection with the vehicle’s electronic systems.

Verifying USB drivers is also essential, as outdated or corrupted USB drivers can cause communication issues between the VCDS interface and the laptop. Ensure that you have the latest USB drivers installed for your VCDS interface. Software compatibility is another important factor to consider. Ensure that you are using a compatible version of the VCDS software for your VCDS interface and that your laptop meets the minimum system requirements.

20. Are There Alternatives to VCDS 16.8 for Car Coding and Diagnostics?

Yes, alternatives to VCDS 16.8 for car coding and diagnostics include OBDeleven, Carista, and professional diagnostic tools from Autel or Snap-on, each with varying capabilities and vehicle coverage. OBDeleven is a popular alternative to VCDS, offering similar diagnostic and coding capabilities for VAG vehicles. It uses a Bluetooth dongle and a smartphone app, making it convenient and portable.

Carista is another alternative that offers basic diagnostic and coding capabilities for a wide range of vehicle models. It is primarily designed for DIY users and offers a user-friendly interface. Professional diagnostic tools from Autel or Snap-on provide comprehensive diagnostic and coding capabilities for a wide range of vehicle makes and models. These tools are typically more expensive than VCDS but offer advanced features and functionality. The best alternative for you will depend on your specific needs and budget.

21. What Future Trends in Car Coding Will Make VCDS 16.8 Obsolete?

Future trends in car coding that will likely make VCDS 16.8 obsolete include increased vehicle cybersecurity, adoption of cloud-based diagnostics, and the rise of AI-powered coding assistance. Increased vehicle cybersecurity is a major trend that will impact the future of car coding. As vehicles become more connected and autonomous, they are increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats. Future coding tools will need to incorporate advanced security features to protect against unauthorized access and tampering.

The adoption of cloud-based diagnostics is another trend that will shape the future of car coding. Cloud-based diagnostic tools offer several advantages over traditional diagnostic tools, including remote access, real-time data analysis, and automatic software updates. The rise of AI-powered coding assistance is also expected to transform the car coding landscape. AI-powered coding tools can automate many of the tedious and error-prone tasks associated with car coding, making it easier and more efficient.

22. What is the Role of CAR-CODING.EDU.VN in Supporting VCDS 16.8 Users?

CAR-CODING.EDU.VN supports VCDS 16.8 users by offering expert remote coding assistance, troubleshooting, and guidance to ensure safe and effective vehicle modifications. CAR-CODING.EDU.VN provides remote coding assistance to VCDS 16.8 users, helping them perform complex coding tasks and troubleshoot difficult issues. Our experienced technicians can remotely access your VCDS software and provide guidance on coding procedures, ensuring that you make the right changes and avoid potential problems.

We also offer troubleshooting services to VCDS 16.8 users, helping them diagnose and resolve common connection and communication issues. Our technicians can remotely diagnose your VCDS setup and provide step-by-step instructions for resolving any issues you may be experiencing. In addition to remote coding assistance and troubleshooting, CAR-CODING.EDU.VN provides guidance to VCDS 16.8 users on best practices for safe and effective vehicle modifications. We offer advice on backing up your original coding, verifying coding values, and understanding the function of each parameter being modified.

23. What are the Benefits of Using CAR-CODING.EDU.VN for VCDS 16.8 Support?

Benefits of using CAR-CODING.EDU.VN for VCDS 16.8 support include expert guidance, cost-effective solutions, remote convenience, and enhanced security measures. CAR-CODING.EDU.VN provides access to expert guidance from experienced technicians who have extensive knowledge of VCDS 16.8 and VAG vehicles. Our technicians can help you with complex coding tasks, troubleshoot difficult issues, and provide advice on best practices for safe and effective vehicle modifications.

We also offer cost-effective solutions for VCDS 16.8 support, providing remote coding assistance and troubleshooting services at a fraction of the cost of dealership services. Our remote convenience allows you to access expert VCDS 16.8 support from the comfort of your own home or garage, without the need to travel to a local service provider. CAR-CODING.EDU.VN employs enhanced security measures to protect your vehicle’s electronic systems during remote coding sessions. We use secure remote access software, verify technician credentials, and monitor the coding session for unauthorized changes.

24. How Does CAR-CODING.EDU.VN Ensure Data Security During Remote Coding Sessions?

CAR-CODING.EDU.VN ensures data security during remote coding sessions through encrypted connections, strict access controls, and adherence to industry best practices for data handling. We use secure remote access software that employs encryption and authentication protocols to protect the connection between the technician’s computer and the user’s laptop. This helps prevent unauthorized access and ensures that the coding session is secure.

CAR-CODING.EDU.VN implements strict access controls to limit the technician’s access to only the necessary control modules and parameters. This helps prevent unauthorized changes and ensures that the technician is only making authorized modifications. CAR-CODING.EDU.VN adheres to industry best practices for data handling, including storing sensitive data securely and protecting it from unauthorized access. We also comply with all applicable data privacy regulations.

Address: 100 Tech Innovation Dr, Suite 500, San Jose, CA 95110, United States.

Whatsapp: +1 (641) 206-8880.

Website: CAR-CODING.EDU.VN

25. What is the Process for Requesting Remote VCDS 16.8 Car Coding Assistance from CAR-CODING.EDU.VN?

The process for requesting remote VCDS 16.8 car coding assistance from CAR-CODING.EDU.VN involves contacting us, providing vehicle details, scheduling a session, and granting remote access for coding. Contact CAR-CODING.EDU.VN via our website or WhatsApp (+1 (641) 206-8880) to initiate your request. Provide detailed information about your vehicle, including the make, model, year, and VIN, as well as the specific coding tasks you need assistance with.

Our team will work with you to schedule a remote coding session at a time that is convenient for you. Before the session, ensure that your VCDS 16.8 interface is connected to your vehicle and that your laptop is connected to the internet. During the scheduled session, you will grant remote access to our technician, who will then perform the necessary coding tasks using your VCDS software. Throughout the process, our technician will provide guidance and support to ensure that the coding is performed safely and effectively.

Ready to unlock the full potential of your VAG vehicle? Contact CAR-CODING.EDU.VN now for expert VCDS 16.8 remote coding assistance and experience the difference!

FAQ: VCDS 16.8 Car Coding

1. Is Car Coding with VCDS 16.8 Safe for My Vehicle’s ECU?

Yes, car coding with VCDS 16.8 is generally safe if performed correctly, with proper knowledge, and by backing up original settings before making changes to avoid potential issues.

2. What is the Typical Turnaround Time for Remote VCDS 16.8 Coding Support?

The typical turnaround time for remote VCDS 16.8 coding support is usually within a few hours, depending on the complexity of the task and the technician’s availability.

3. Can CAR-CODING.EDU.VN Assist with Activating Hidden Features Using VCDS 16.8?

Yes, CAR-CODING.EDU.VN can assist with activating hidden features using VCDS 16.8 on compatible VAG vehicles, offering expert guidance to unlock your car’s potential.

4. What Types of VAG Vehicles are Supported for Remote Coding with VCDS 16.8?

We support a wide range of VAG vehicles, including Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, and SEAT models, with specific compatibility depending on the model year and electronic systems.

5. What Happens if Something Goes Wrong During the Remote Coding Session?

If something goes wrong during the remote coding session, our expert technicians will immediately troubleshoot the issue, restore the original settings if necessary, and work to find a safe and effective solution.

6. Will Remote VCDS 16.8 Coding Affect My Vehicle’s Warranty?

Remote VCDS 16.8 coding may affect your vehicle’s warranty, especially if it involves modifying systems covered by the warranty. Consult your vehicle’s warranty terms and conditions or contact your dealer for clarification.

7. What Diagnostic Capabilities Does VCDS 16.8 Offer Besides Car Coding?

Besides car coding, VCDS 16.8 offers comprehensive diagnostic capabilities, including reading and clearing fault codes, performing output tests, viewing live data, and performing basic adaptations.

8. How Do I Know if VCDS 16.8 is Compatible with My Vehicle?

You can check VCDS 16.8 compatibility with your vehicle by consulting the Ross-Tech website or contacting CAR-CODING.EDU.VN with your vehicle’s details for expert assistance.

9. What Internet Speed is Recommended for Remote VCDS 16.8 Coding?

A stable internet connection with a minimum upload speed of 1 Mbps is recommended for smooth and reliable remote VCDS 16.8 coding sessions.

10. Can I Learn to Use VCDS 16.8 Myself with CAR-CODING.EDU.VN’s Guidance?

While CAR-CODING.EDU.VN primarily offers remote coding assistance, our technicians can provide guidance and explanations during the sessions to help you understand the coding process and improve your knowledge of VCDS 16.8.